Crop Production Technology-1 (Kharif Crop) Cereals.

  Kharif Crop

• The crops that are sown at the beginning of rainy season i.e. between April & May known as kharif crop.
• Major Kharif Crop- Rice, Maize, Cotton, Jawar, Bajra, etc.

Rabi Crop

• Those crops that are sown at the end of monsoon or at the beginning of winter season i.e. between September & October.
• E.g Wheat, Peas, Gram, Barley, etc.

  Cereals

Rice

Origin-

                  The centre of origin of cultivation of rice is India and Burma according to Vavilio(1926).

Geographical Distribution-

• India has the largest area for cultivation of rice i.e. 44.8mha.
• In India, rice is grown in almost all the states.
• Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, etc.
• U.P & W.B have the highest rice production.

Economic Importance-

• The largest single use of land for food production is rice cultivation.
• Asia is the biggest continent in rice production.
• 90% rice produce in Asia alone.

Climatic Requirement-

• Hot and humid climate are best for rice crop.
• Temperature between 25°C to 35°C are suitable for rice cultivation.

Soil-

• Clay loam and clay soil are suitable for rice production
• Rice comes under semi aquatic crop and grow best under low land condition.

Varieties-

TKM-9: Red rice, 100 to 105 days duration.
Shape--:Short, Bold Grain, 5t/ha.

 TPS-1: Red rice, 110 to 115 days duration.

 Shape: Short, bold grain, 4.8t/ha.

TPS-2: 125 days duration

              5t/ha.

Varieties famous in India

   Ratna, Jaya, Rasi, Basmati,etc.

Cultural Practices

Propagation in Rice Cultivation-

                                                                          Propagation is done through seeds.

Methods of Rice Cultivation:-

There are mainly four methods are used for rice cultivation.

Broadcasting Method-

• In this method seeds are sown by hands.
• This method is suitable for less fertile and dry lands.
• It requires more labours.

Drilling Method-

• Ploughing of land and sowing of seeds can be carried out.

Transplanted Method-

• Seeds are sown in nursery bed.
• When seeds are germinated (generally, 5 weeks) seedlings are transplanted to the main field.

Japanese Method-

• This method is for high yielding hybrid crops.
• This method needs higher doses of fertilizers.
• Seeds sown on nursery bed and transplanted seedling in rows

Seed Selection-

• Select those seed that have high yielding variety.
• Seeds have to be clean and free from any other mixture of seeds.
• The seed should be fully mature.

Seed Treatment-

• For avoiding some borne disease use Agrosan 100gm/50 kg of seeds.
• Wettable ceresan is a solution in which seeds should be soaked for 12 hours.
• Dry them in shade.

Land Preparation-

Dry and Semi-dry System-

• Ploughing and harrowing are used for good tilth.
• Field needs FYM uniformly 2 to 4 weeks.

Wet System-

• In wet system the land ploughed and puddled with 3cm to 5cm of water in the field.
• Seeds sown on nursery and after few weeks seedlings are transplanted to main field.

Seed Rate-

• Mainly, seed rate depends on the variety of seed.
• Seed rate by broadcasting method is 90-100kg/ha.

Irrigation-

System of Rice Intensification "SRI" method use 120 to 150 lakhs litres of water per hectare to produce 7 tonnes of rice.

Weed Management-

Make your rice field free from weeds after 45 days of sowing.

Manure and Fertilizer-

• Nitrogen: 100-150kg/ha.
• Phosphorus: 50-60kg/ha.
• Potash: 40-50kg/ha.
• Zinc Sulphate: 25kg/ha.
• Green Manure: Sanai, Urad, Dhaincha, etc.

Harvesting-

• For medium varieties, 26 to 30 days after flowering.
• For Tall Varieties, 36 to 40 days after flowering.

Yield-

          Average Yield is 2500 kg/ha achieved by good varieties.

Wheat

Origin-

              The origin of wheat is said to be south east Turkey.

In India, wheat originated in Southern Asia.

Geographical distribution-

                In India, U.P, M.P Punjab, Rajasthan, Bihar, Haryana, Maharashtra and Gujarat are some common states for rice production.

Economic Importance-

• India's 2nd most consuming food is wheat.
• It is staple food as well.
• India produces 70 million tonnes of wheat per year.
• It is approx. 12% of world production.

Soil-

       Clay loam or loam soil with good structure,texture and moderate(average) water holding capacity are suitable for wheat cultivation.

Climate Requirement-

• Wheat is mainly a plant of mid-latitude grassland.
• It requires 10ºC-15ºC in winter and 21ºC-26ºC  in summer with average rainfall.

Varieties-

• T-aestivum cultivars, Durum and Emmer.
• Important Varieties- Sonora 64 & Lerma Rojo, etc.

Cultural Practices

Season-

• Wheat is a winter crop.
• Sowing time is 15th October to 1st week of November.

Seed Rate-

           100 kg/ha.(average)

Field Preparation-

• Cultivate field 2 to 3 times with cultivator.
• Plough field 2 to 3 times with an iron  plough.
• Prepare the land to a fine tilth.

Application of fertilizers-

• 80:40:40 NPK kg/ha.
• Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, and Potash are given basically before sowing.

Application of FYM or compost-

                On the unploughed field 12.5t/ha of FYM are needed.

Seed Treatment-

Seeds are treated by Carbennzium or Thiram at 2g/kg of seeds 24 hours before sowing.

Sowing-

• Sow the seeds continuously in a line with distance of 20 cm apart.
• Apply fertilizers before sowing at the depth of 5 cm.
• Avoid deep sowing.

Weed Management-

• Spray Isoproturon 800g/ha after 3 days of sowing.
• Hand weeding is must on 20th and 35th day after sowing if herbicide is not applied.

Water Management-

• 4-6 irrigation are needed depending on the soil type and rainfall.

Harvesting-

• When grain becomes hard and straw becomes dry and brittle crops are ready for harvesting.
• The cost of harvesting and winnowing are reduced through mechanical thresher.

Yield-

• In North India average yield is about-3000 kg/ha and straw yield is 5000 kg/ha.
• In Tamil Nadu grain yield is about  2500 kg/ha.

Sorghum

Origin-

           Origin of Sorghum has different-different views early domestication of sorghum is took place in Northern Africa.

Geographical Area-

•  Generally, It grown in all parts of India or also in whole world     except cool North-East part of Europe.
•   In India, Sorghum grown in Maharashtra, Karnataka, M.P, A.P, Rajasthan, T.N & Gujarat.

Economic Distribution- 

• Sorghum is the world's 5th largest grain crop in tonnage(weight).
• India's 2nd grain crop in terms of tonnage.
• Also, used as ethanol fuel in United States.

Varieties-

      CSV-4, CSV-5, CSV-6, CSV-9, etc.

Cultural Practices

Season-

Sorghum is cultivated in almost all seasons.

In Northern India-

     Kharif season is best for sorghum cultivation.

In Southern India-

     Rabi & Summer season are best for sorghum cultivation.

Selection of Seeds-

 Good qualities of seeds are collected from disease and pest-free     fields.

Seed Rate-

        Transplanted- 7.5 kg/ha.

        Direct Sown-  10 kg/ha.    

Sorghum are cultivated by transplantation and direct sown both under irrigated condition.

Spacing-  

       45*15 cm or 45*10cm.

Fertilizer-

• NPK at ratio of 40:20:0.
• 12.5t/ha of composter coil.

Weed Management-

  Keep sorghum field free from weeds after germination till 5th week.

Harvesting-

  Cut the sorghum upper part (i.e. ear-heads) but leave the stalks.

Storage-

     The best way for storage of sorghum is mud bin, straw bin, or                    bamboo bins.

Yield-

     Average- 840 kg/ha. in India.

Pearl Millet

Origin-

 It is believed that millet was originated in Africa. Later, spread in   India.      

Geographical Distribution-

• Pearl Millet are grown in tropical climate.
• It is grown in China, Nigeria, India, Pakistan, Sudan, etc.
• In India, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat.

Economic Importance-

• Pearl Millet consider as poor man's food.
• It also used in poultry farms as well as green fodder and dry fodder for cattle.

Varieties-

ICMH IS 14002, ICMH IS 14003, ICMH IS 14009, ICMH IS 14011,etc.

Cultivational Practices

Season-

It grown in almost all seasons with good irrigation system. 

Soil temperature is approx.18°C at the time of sowing.

Seed Rate-

•  3-3.5 kg/ha by dibbling method
• 4-5 kg/ha by drilling method.   

Spacing-

         40*10-15 cm.  

Symptoms of maturity-

• Leaves will turn yellow and grain will be harden.
• Dried Appearance.

Harvesting-

Cut the upper portion of plant(i.e. earheads) and leave the straw for a week for drying and cut it when straw has dry appearance.

Threshing-

 Threshed in a mechanical thresher or threshed by bullock carts.

Storage-

  The best way for storage of pearl millet is mud bin, straw bin, or bamboo bins.

 For Pulses(Pigeon Pea, Mung Bean, Urd Bean)-

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