Crop Production Technology-1 (Kharif Crop) Cereals.
Kharif Crop
- The crops that are sown at the beginning of rainy season i.e. between April & May known as kharif crop.
- Major Kharif Crop- Rice, Maize, Cotton, Jawar, Bajra, etc.
Rabi Crop
- Those crops that are sown at the end of monsoon or at the beginning of winter season i.e. between September & October.
- E.g Wheat, Peas, Gram, Barley, etc.
Cereals
Rice
Origin-
The centre of origin of cultivation of rice is India and Burma according to Vavilio(1926).
Geographical Distribution-
- India has the largest area for cultivation of rice i.e. 44.8mha.
- In India, rice is grown in almost all the states.
- Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, etc.
- U.P & W.B have the highest rice production.
- The largest single use of land for food production is rice cultivation.
- Asia is the biggest continent in rice production.
- 90% rice produce in Asia alone.
- Hot and humid climate are best for rice crop.
- Temperature between 25°C to 35°C are suitable for rice cultivation.
- Clay loam and clay soil are suitable for rice production
- Rice comes under semi aquatic crop and grow best under low land condition.
TKM-9: Red rice, 100 to 105 days duration.
Shape--:Short, Bold Grain, 5t/ha.
Shape--:Short, Bold Grain, 5t/ha.
TPS-1: Red rice, 110 to 115 days duration.
Shape: Short, bold grain, 4.8t/ha.
TPS-2: 125 days duration
5t/ha.
Varieties famous in India
Ratna, Jaya, Rasi, Basmati,etc.
Cultural Practices
Propagation in Rice Cultivation-
Propagation is done through seeds.
Methods of Rice Cultivation:-
There are mainly four methods are used for rice cultivation.
Broadcasting Method-
- In this method seeds are sown by hands.
- This method is suitable for less fertile and dry lands.
- It requires more labours.
Drilling Method-
- Ploughing of land and sowing of seeds can be carried out.
- Seeds are sown in nursery bed.
- When seeds are germinated (generally, 5 weeks) seedlings are transplanted to the main field.
- This method is for high yielding hybrid crops.
- This method needs higher doses of fertilizers.
- Seeds sown on nursery bed and transplanted seedling in rows
- Select those seed that have high yielding variety.
- Seeds have to be clean and free from any other mixture of seeds.
- The seed should be fully mature.
- For avoiding some borne disease use Agrosan 100gm/50 kg of seeds.
- Wettable ceresan is a solution in which seeds should be soaked for 12 hours.
- Dry them in shade.
Land Preparation-
Dry and Semi-dry System-
- Ploughing and harrowing are used for good tilth.
- Field needs FYM uniformly 2 to 4 weeks.
- In wet system the land ploughed and puddled with 3cm to 5cm of water in the field.
- Seeds sown on nursery and after few weeks seedlings are transplanted to main field.
- Mainly, seed rate depends on the variety of seed.
- Seed rate by broadcasting method is 90-100kg/ha.
System of Rice Intensification "SRI" method use 120 to 150 lakhs litres of water per hectare to produce 7 tonnes of rice.
Weed Management-
Make your rice field free from weeds after 45 days of sowing.
Manure and Fertilizer-
- Nitrogen: 100-150kg/ha.
- Phosphorus: 50-60kg/ha.
- Potash: 40-50kg/ha.
- Zinc Sulphate: 25kg/ha.
- Green Manure: Sanai, Urad, Dhaincha, etc.
Harvesting-
- For medium varieties, 26 to 30 days after flowering.
- For Tall Varieties, 36 to 40 days after flowering.
Yield-
Average Yield is 2500 kg/ha achieved by good varieties.
Wheat
Origin-
The origin of wheat is said to be south east Turkey.
In India, wheat originated in Southern Asia.
Geographical distribution-
In India, U.P, M.P Punjab, Rajasthan, Bihar, Haryana, Maharashtra and Gujarat are some common states for rice production.
Economic Importance-
- India's 2nd most consuming food is wheat.
- It is staple food as well.
- India produces 70 million tonnes of wheat per year.
- It is approx. 12% of world production.
Clay loam or loam soil with good structure,texture and moderate(average) water holding capacity are suitable for wheat cultivation.
Climate Requirement-
- Wheat is mainly a plant of mid-latitude grassland.
- It requires 10ºC-15ºC in winter and 21ºC-26ºC in summer with average rainfall.
- T-aestivum cultivars, Durum and Emmer.
- Important Varieties- Sonora 64 & Lerma Rojo, etc.
Cultural Practices
Season-
- Wheat is a winter crop.
- Sowing time is 15th October to 1st week of November.
100 kg/ha.(average)
Field Preparation-
- Cultivate field 2 to 3 times with cultivator.
- Plough field 2 to 3 times with an iron plough.
- Prepare the land to a fine tilth.
- 80:40:40 NPK kg/ha.
- Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, and Potash are given basically before sowing.
On the unploughed field 12.5t/ha of FYM are needed.
Seed Treatment-
Seeds are treated by Carbennzium or Thiram at 2g/kg of seeds 24 hours before sowing.
Sowing-
- Sow the seeds continuously in a line with distance of 20 cm apart.
- Apply fertilizers before sowing at the depth of 5 cm.
- Avoid deep sowing.
- Spray Isoproturon 800g/ha after 3 days of sowing.
- Hand weeding is must on 20th and 35th day after sowing if herbicide is not applied.
- 4-6 irrigation are needed depending on the soil type and rainfall.
- When grain becomes hard and straw becomes dry and brittle crops are ready for harvesting.
- The cost of harvesting and winnowing are reduced through mechanical thresher.
- In North India average yield is about-3000 kg/ha and straw yield is 5000 kg/ha.
- In Tamil Nadu grain yield is about 2500 kg/ha.
Sorghum
Origin-
Origin of Sorghum has different-different views early domestication of sorghum is took place in Northern Africa.
Geographical Area-
- Generally, It grown in all parts of India or also in whole world except cool North-East part of Europe.
- In India, Sorghum grown in Maharashtra, Karnataka, M.P, A.P, Rajasthan, T.N & Gujarat.
- Sorghum is the world's 5th largest grain crop in tonnage(weight).
- India's 2nd grain crop in terms of tonnage.
- Also, used as ethanol fuel in United States.
Varieties-
CSV-4, CSV-5, CSV-6, CSV-9, etc.
Cultural Practices
Season-
Sorghum is cultivated in almost all seasons.
In Northern India-
Kharif season is best for sorghum cultivation.
In Southern India-
Rabi & Summer season are best for sorghum cultivation.
Selection of Seeds-
Good qualities of seeds are collected from disease and pest-free fields.
Seed Rate-
Transplanted- 7.5 kg/ha.
Direct Sown- 10 kg/ha.
Sorghum are cultivated by transplantation and direct sown both under irrigated condition.
Spacing-
45*15 cm or 45*10cm.
Fertilizer-
- NPK at ratio of 40:20:0.
- 12.5t/ha of composter coil.
Keep sorghum field free from weeds after germination till 5th week.
Harvesting-
Cut the sorghum upper part (i.e. ear-heads) but leave the stalks.
Storage-
The best way for storage of sorghum is mud bin, straw bin, or bamboo bins.
Yield-
Average- 840 kg/ha. in India.
Pearl Millet
Origin-
It is believed that millet was originated in Africa. Later, spread in India.
Geographical Distribution-
- Pearl Millet are grown in tropical climate.
- It is grown in China, Nigeria, India, Pakistan, Sudan, etc.
- In India, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Gujarat.
Economic Importance-
- Pearl Millet consider as poor man's food.
- It also used in poultry farms as well as green fodder and dry fodder for cattle.
Varieties-
ICMH IS 14002, ICMH IS 14003, ICMH IS 14009, ICMH IS 14011,etc.
Cultivational Practices
Season-
It grown in almost all seasons with good irrigation system.
Soil temperature is approx.18°C at the time of sowing.
Seed Rate-
- 3-3.5 kg/ha by dibbling method
- 4-5 kg/ha by drilling method.
Spacing-
40*10-15 cm.
Symptoms of maturity-
- Leaves will turn yellow and grain will be harden.
- Dried Appearance.
Harvesting-
Cut the upper portion of plant(i.e. earheads) and leave the straw for a week for drying and cut it when straw has dry appearance.
Threshing-
Threshed in a mechanical thresher or threshed by bullock carts.
Storage-
The best way for storage of pearl millet is mud bin, straw bin, or bamboo bins.
For Pulses(Pigeon Pea, Mung Bean, Urd Bean)-
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