Environment-
The living and
non-living things that has some effect in our surrounding is known as
environment.
Ecology-
This word is coined by Ernest Haeckel in 1869.
Ecology is the branch of biology which deals with
how an organism interact with their surrounding.
Ecosystem-
This word is coined by A.G. Tansley in 1935.
Ecosystem is defined as biotic and abiotic
components are live in a specific environment.
Ecotone-
It is the imaginary line that divides two
ecosystem.
Niche-
A place where an organism live, perform their daily
tasks like eating, hunting or other daily activities.
Biodiversity-
Different-Different living organisms live together
in an ecosystem.
Ecology Succession-
It is the process of change in the structure of
ecosystem according to time.
Biotic Component-
Basically, all the living this is known as biotic
component.
e.g. animal, plant, aquatic organisms, etc.
Abiotic component-
Basically, all the non-living things comes under
abiotic component.
e.g. light, water, air, etc.
Natural Resources-
Resources that occurs naturally or without the
interference of human.
Renewable Resources-
Renewable resources are the resources that are
re-new or re-made.
e.g. Wind energy, Solar energy, geothermal energy,
etc.
Non-renewable resources-
Resources that cannot re-made.
e.g. oil, coal, fossil fuel, natural gas, etc.
Alien species-
Species (animal, plant, pathogens) coming from its
native habitats into the new habitat and dominant themselves which results
competition, survival or other harmful effect.
Biodiversity loss-
Losing of species from Earth which has
some effect on the environment is known as biodiversity loss.
Periphyton-
Periphyton is the group of microorganisms like
blue-green algae, fungi, bacteria, plant detritus together attached tot the
lower surface of aquatic ecosystem.
Nutrient Pool-
The amount of a particular nutrient stored in a
portion of an ecosystem.
Multidisciplinary Nature of Environment-
Environmental studies is a multidisciplinary nature
because its principles are taken from different-different major subjects like-
science, geography, commerce, humanities, etc.
Objective of Environmental Studies-
- Environmental studies
plays a vital role for controlling and solving problems related to our
environment.
- Environmental studies
aware people and introduce their environment to themselves.
- It motivates people to protect and to improve their environment.
Scope of environmental studies-
- Environmental studies
manage and maintain the natural resources like- forest, wild life,
ecosystem, etc.
- Environmental engineering is also comes under the scope of environmental studies. It deals with technical parts that involves in environmental protection.
Ecological Balance-
Ecological Balance is the equilibrium position
between the living things in an ecosystem.
Biome-
Area in which biotic make their habitat.
Five major types of biomes are-
Aquatic, grassland, forest, desert, etc.
Types or Structure of
Environment-
Mainly, their are two types of environment are-
(a) Biotic Environment.
(b) Abiotic Environment.
Biotic environment-
The environment in which flora and fauna live together.
Abiotic environment or physical environment-
It is categorized in three groups are-
a. Lithosphere.
b. Hydrosphere.
c. Atmosphere.
Lithosphere-
It is related to terrestrial or land things like-
forest, agricultural land, etc.
Hydrosphere-
It is related to aquatic like- river, sea,
etc.
Atmosphere-
It is the layer of gases in our surrounding.
Component of environment-
There are three component of environment are-
a. Abiotic Component.
b. Biotic Component.
c. Energy Component.
a. Abiotic related to non-living things in an
ecosystem.
b. Biotic component is related to living thing
in an ecosystem.
c. Energy component-
The
environment in which solar energy, geo chemical energy, thermoelectrical
energy, nuclear energy takes place is known as energy component of environment.
Ecological factor-
Ecological factor is also known as aerial factor.
Ecological factor are of four types-
a. Climatic factor-
The climatic factor are
light, temperature, atmosphere, humidity, etc.
b. Topographic factor-
Topographic factor also
known as physiographic factor.
Topographic factor are the physical structure of an
area like height, direction of slope, steepness of slope, etc.
c. Edaphic factor-
Edaphic factor based on soil condition like
physical, chemical and biological phenomenon of soil that has some effect on
organisms and on the process occur on soil.
e.g. soil colour, pH, texture, etc.
d. Biotic factor-
It includes flora and fauna.
Ecosystem
It is the community or society of living or
non-living things live in an specific area.
Kind of Ecosystem-
a. Artificial Ecosystem.
b. Natural Ecosystem.
a. Artificial Ecosystem-
It is a man-made ecosystem in which takes place
flora and fauna.
like-Zoo, park, etc.
b. Natural Ecosystem-
Natural ecosystem in which living organisms in a
balance condition supporting each other in a free environment.
e.g. Forest, ocean ecosystem, desert ecosystem.
Function of an ecosystem-
The function of an ecosystem is to exchange or pass
the energy or nutrient in a systematic way of a food chain.
The function of ecosystem are divided in three
parts-
(a).Primary Functions-
Primary function are the first stair of ecosystem in which producers or autotrophs takes place.
(b). Secondary Functions-
In
secondary function the primary consumers are found or top carnivorous.
(c). Tertiary Functions-
In this part of food chain
the decomposers are play their role.
Basic type of
Ecosystem-
1. Producers-
First consumer or autotrophs.
e.g. grass.
2.Consumers-
Second or third consumers.
e.g. grasshopper or snake.
3.Decomposers-
Top consumers that digest all the dead matters.
e.g. Bacteria or fungi.
Relationship between organisms-
Mutualism-
When two
species are beneficial for each other this condition is known as mutualism.
Neutralism-
When two species do not affect each other is known as neutralism.
Competition-
When two species are harmful for each other is known as
competition.
Commensalism-
When one spp. has benefit but the other one has no effect is
known as commensalism.
Parasitism-
One spp. is harmful and the other one is taking benefit is known
as parasitism.
Amensalism-
When one spp. is harmful for other but other do not has any
effect this condition is known as amensalism.
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