Fundamentals of Plant Breeding.

Plant Breeding

Plant breeding  is the modification in plant traits to obtain the desired characteristics.Plant Breeding is the art, science and technology by which we improve plant's genotypic and phenotypic characters.

Objectives of plant breeding-

• To increase productivity or crop yield.
• To make plant free from diseases and pest resistant.
• To develop plant that are good in environmental tolerance.
• To obtain desired characteristics.

History of Plant Breeding-

• Plant breeding is began since man starts choosing plant for cultivation.
• In the early of plant breeding, wild plants are cultivated under the domesticated environment means under the management of human with proper growth and irrigation facilities but their is some conditions for choosing plants that are grows under domesticated environment.
• Domestication of plants continue till now and may be continue in future for long.
• Domestication process give rise new plant from the wild plants.
• Thomas Fairchild(gardener) produced the first artificial hybrid plant.
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• Thomas put a Carnation into a Sweet William and produced a new flowering plant known as Fairchild's mule.

Fairchild's Mule.

• Babylonians and Assyrian pollinated date palm artificially as early as 700BC.
• The science of genetics era started with the rediscovery of Mendel's paper in 1900 which was originally published in 1866.

Role of Plant Breeding- 

Plant Breeding  plays vital role for producing the crops that are useful for humans and has good economical values. 

Plant Breeding is also for producing crop varieties.

Major achievement of  plant breeding-

   Some of the achievements are as follows-

• Development of hybrid varieties.
• Short stature(fruits on small plants).
• More production.
• Insects pests management.
• Disease Management.
• Early maturity.
• More tolerant.

Future Prospects-

• Higher productivity in low area.
• Use of biofuel.
• Production of organic things with low cost.

Genetic in relation to plant breeding-

• Genetic is very much similar or related to plant breeding just like selection method.
• Selection method is used in genetic and plant breeding both.

 Plant Reproduction-

It is the process in which new offspring/clone is produced.

Modes of Reproduction-

1. Sexual
2. Asexual.

Sexual-

It involves male and female gamete fuse together and form zygote.

e.g.Pisum Sativum.

Asexual-

In asexual reproduction a part of plant produces new plant.

Types of asexual reproduction are-

1. Vegetative reproduction.
2. Apomixis.

• Vegetative Reproduction are of two types-

       (a) Natural Vegetative Reproduction.

       (b)Artificial Vegetative Reproduction.

(A) Natural Vegetative Reproduction-

(a) Rhizome                 (b) Tuber

(c)Bulb.

(B) Artificial Vegetative Reproduction-

(a) Stem cutting                         (b)Root Cutting
(c)Layering                                 (d)Grafting.

Apomixis-

• It is an asexual reproduction.
• Formation of seed without fertilization
• Apomixis produces clones.
• Meiosis does not take place in apomixis.

Self-Incompatibility-

Self-Incompatibility(SI) is the mechanism or process which prevent or control pollen for fertilizing flowers of the same plant.

In general, Self-Incompatibility stops self fertilization.

Male sterility-

Male sterility disorder cause failure in production of anther, pollen or male gamete.